What also seems probable is that the emerging internet economy is already
rewriting the rules of economic development. The very definition of a
developing country loses resonance as individuals interact globally to the
extent they have internet connections. An international economy based on
education, communication and personal initiative seems certain to alter
current economic theory. An example is Indian and Irish stenographers
providing transcription services via the internet to a company in Maine in
the United States. The income earned in Maine and paid overseas becomes
strengthens local economies and encourages, by example, others to seek
similar opportunities. Individuals need not wait for local economic
pre-conditions to fully emerge. They can act to join the international
economy and thereby change their life, and by extension, the lives of
those around them.
Finally, over the past 20 years we have seen the growth of the duel
economy, none greater than that in the United States. By this I mean the
continuation of the traditional economy measured as gross domestic product
[GDP] and also the development of the internet economy which is changing
our understanding of GDP. Not many years ago, a 2.5% annual increase in
GDP in a mature economy was considered close to the maximum sustainable
growth possible without inducing inflation. We have since seen 4% growth
without inflation, a suggestion that the incremental economic growth
occurring through the internet is different and probably has more muted
inflation characteristics. Thus the very definition of growth, its
elements and scale will be reconsidered and redefined.
America's economy from the 1990s on has been robust in substantial part
because the internet created unexpected market efficiency by monetizing
other-wise difficult to sell things, be they used cars on eBay, new books
on Amazon, used books on Abebooks, the purchase of diverse services such
as website development by overseas companies, even real estate and on and
on and on. To this we are increasingly adding the labor of distant
workers via the internet to whom a dollar an hour is a bonanza while to
employers, who are perhaps thousands of miles distant, it's a bargain.
These dollars may also be a crucial component in the economic development
of less favored areas.
So I'm looking forward to Dr. Clark's next book. In A Farewell to Alms he
makes the economic past understandable. I now look to him to do the same
for the future because I think, in clarifying the past, he has given us a
map to the future.
A Farewell to Alms was published by Princeton University Press in 2007.
The published price is $29.95. Amazon is offering it for $19.77. At
Barnes & Noble its $23.96, $21.56 for members.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 11: Darwin and Wallace. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties..., [in:] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Vol. III, No. 9., 1858, Darwin announces the theory of natural selection. £100,000 to £150,000.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 11: J.K. Rowling. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, 1997, first edition, hardback issue, inscribed by the author pre-publication. £100,000 to £150,000.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 11: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Autograph sketchleaf including a probable draft for the E flat Piano Quartet, K.493, 1786. £150,000 to £200,000.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 12: Hooke, Robert. Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses. London: James Allestry for the Royal Society, 1667. $12,000 to $15,000.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 12: Chappuzeau, Samuel. The history of jewels, first edition in English. London: T.N. for Hobart Kemp, 1671. $12,000 to $18,000.
Sotheby’s, Dec. 12: Sowerby, James. Exotic Mineralogy, containing his most realistic mineral depictions, London: Benjamin Meredith, 1811, Arding and Merrett, 1817. $5,000 to $7,000.
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Swann Maps & Atlases, Natural History & Color Plate Books December 9, 2025
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 156: Cornelis de Jode, Americae pars Borealis, double-page engraved map of North America, Antwerp, 1593.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 206: John and Alexander Walker, Map of the United States, London and Liverpool, 1827.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 223: Abraham Ortelius, Typus Orbis Terrarum, hand-colored double-page engraved world map, Antwerp, 1575.
Swann Maps & Atlases, Natural History & Color Plate Books December 9, 2025
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 233: Aaron Arrowsmith, Chart of the World, oversize engraved map on 8 sheets, London, 1790 (circa 1800).
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 239: Fielding Lucas, A General Atlas, 81 engraved maps and diagrams, Baltimore, 1823.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 240: Anthony Finley, A New American Atlas, 15 maps engraved by james hamilton young on 14 double-page sheets, Philadelphia, 1826.
Swann Maps & Atlases, Natural History & Color Plate Books December 9, 2025
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 263: John Bachmann, Panorama of the Seat of War, portfolio of 4 double-page chromolithographed panoramic maps, New York, 1861.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 265: Sebastian Münster, Cosmographei, Basel: Sebastian Henricpetri, 1558.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 271: Abraham Ortelius, Epitome Theatri Orteliani, Antwerp: Johann Baptist Vrients, 1601.
Swann Maps & Atlases, Natural History & Color Plate Books December 9, 2025
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 283: Joris van Spilbergen, Speculum Orientalis Occidentalisque Indiae, Leiden: Nicolaus van Geelkercken for Jodocus Hondius, 1619.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 285: Levinus Hulsius, Achtzehender Theil der Newen Welt, 14 engraved folding maps, Frankfurt: Johann Frederick Weiss, 1623.
Swann, Dec. 9: Lot 341: John James Audubon, Carolina Parrot, Plate 26, London, 1827.